Viktor Matviienko
Doctor of History, Full Professor, Head of the Department of International Organisations and Diplomatic Service, Educational and Scientific Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv;
Taras Prodaniuk
St. Hugh’s College Master’s Student, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford
DOI:
Abstract. This article examines the latest trends in populism’s development in the European international political arena and the mechanisms for countering the ‘erosion of democracy’.
The authors note that the phenomenon of democratic backsliding in the European Union is quite controversial. On one hand, since its inception, the European Union has upheld the principle of ‘the rule of law’ as one of its main pillars. On the other hand, the EU creates conditions that allow member states to backslide democratically.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the EU faced its most ‘ironic’ problem — the institution that promotes democracy must fight against growing anti-democratic trends among its members. The most obvious examples are Hungary since 2010 and Poland since 2015, where the undemocratic actions of their governments have drawn the attention of all of Europe. Thus, in this article, the authors seek to answer the question: how can the European Union combat the erosion of democratic values?
The authors outline three main approaches: (1) political pressure, (2) financial sanctions, and (3) legal prosecution for deviations from the principle of the rule of law. These three deterrent mechanisms closely link and require joint application to prevent democratic backsliding among new members.
Studying the factors contributing to such backsliding shows that the European Parliament, the European Commission, and the European Court have recently adopted more radical measures to contain anti-democratic regimes through economic and political pressure.
The conclusions state that to ensure institutional stability, the European Union must continue to improve its influence mechanisms to effectively combat anti-democratic and populist trends and uphold the rule of law among its members.
Keywords: European Union, democracy, Hungary, Poland, rule of law, European Parliament, European Commission, European Council.
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